![]() The governing CCP uses government, quasi-government, academic, and commercial entities as mechanisms to conduct all forms espionage abroad. Chinese Organizations Conducting EspionageĮspionage activities correlated to their sponsoring organization (the “customer” receiving the information or technology) showed five distinct clusters of organizations engaging in espionage. The National Intelligence Law Implementing Regulations, was published in November 2017, which explained that “When state security organs carry out the tasks of counter-espionage work in accordance with the law, and citizens and organizations that are obliged to provide facilities or other assistance according to the law refuse to do so, this constitutes an intention to obstruct the state security organs from carrying out the tasks of counter-espionage work according to law.”Ĭompanies and citizens face severe punishments for noncompliance. ![]() The state protects individuals and organizations that support, assist and cooperate with national intelligence work.”Īrticle 14 provides intelligence agencies authority to compel any entity to provide this support: “The state intelligence work organization shall carry out intelligence work according to law, and may require relevant organs, organizations and citizens to provide necessary support, assistance and cooperation.” In 2014, 2015, and 2017, the National People’s Congress and State Council made public the requirements that all Chinese citizens and companies (operating in China or Chinese companies abroad) must collaborate in gathering intelligence.Īrticle 22 of the 2014 Counter-Espionage Law states that during a counter-espionage investigation, ‘relevant organizations and individuals’ must ‘truthfully provide’ information and ‘must not refuse’.Īrticle 7 of China’s National Intelligence Law of 2017 states that “Any organization or citizen shall support, assist and cooperate with the state intelligence work in accordance with the law, and keep the secrets of the national intelligence work known to the public. All Chinese government departments are required to support Ministry of State Security (MSS) intelligence operations.Ĭhina’s legal system has been moulded to ensure the intelligence apparatus can exploit private industry to gain access to foreign individuals, secrets, and technology. The CCP uses all elements of society, ie, universities, think tanks, foreign affairs departments, government sponsored overseas educational programs, military liaison programs, friendship and student associations, etc, – and through them, foreign government officials, scientists, academics, and students – to support its global espionage efforts. China uses espionage and coercion against government entities and business decision making to threaten European national and economic security Legal Framework for Espionage.China follows a ‘whole of society’ approach to espionage, which negatively affects America’s economy, diplomatic influence, and military capabilities.Made in China 2025, Space Science and Technology in China, and A Road- map to 2050, the National Key Technologies R&D Program, and the 13th Five Year Plan – for foreign science and technology collection efforts.Priority technologies have been identified in government strategic planning documents.Almost half of China’s traditional espionage efforts are targeted against Taiwan (political and military secrets).Visa and border control system is used by the MSS to identify potential recruitments and manage clandestine assets.Social media is used by the Ministry of State Security (MSS) to target foreigners with access to sensitive information.Predominantly (over 90 per cent) of espionage activities involve Chinese ethnic people, of whom 80 per cent are males.A major effort is directed towards military and space technologies.Many Chinese government agencies, People’s Liberation Army, State Owned Enterprises, private companies, individuals, and several universities are involved in conducting espionage.There has been a phenomenal expansion of its espionage efforts over the last 20 years.There are over 600 documented cases of China’s worldwide intelligence collection efforts. So, how many people are spying worldwide on behalf of the Chinese government? No one knows the answer. What is the percentage of cases which have come to light? Is it 10 per cent or 90 per cent of Chinese operations. Known intelligence operations conducted by the Chinese have thrown up a basic question. 43.7 per cent of these cases related to (in the US) IEEPA, EAR, and ITAR violations. Of the 260 cases documented or in courts, 80 per cent occurred in the US. READ ALSO: Chinese Espionage Operations and Tactics – Part 2Ĭhina’s main espionage activities in the United States are the illegal export of military and dual use technology.
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